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{{Quote|So what is time? If no one asks me about it, I know, but if I should explain it to one who asks me, I do not know; with confidence, however, I can at least say that I know that if nothing passed, there would be no past time, and if nothing passed, there would be no future time. those two times, then, past and future, how can one say that they are, if the past has already ceased to be and the future is not yet? If, on the other hand, the present were always present, and did not pass into the past, it would no longer be time, but eternity.|[[Augustine]]|''Confessiones'' 11,14}}
{{Quote|So what is time? If no one asks me about it, I know, but if I should explain it to one who asks me, I do not know; with confidence, however, I can at least say that I know that if nothing passed, there would be no past time, and if nothing passed, there would be no future time. those two times, then, past and future, how can one say that they are, if the past has already ceased to be and the future is not yet? If, on the other hand, the present were always present, and did not pass into the past, it would no longer be time, but eternity.|[[Augustine]]|''Confessiones'' 11,14}}
== The double current of time ==
In a letter written to [[Edouard Schuré]] in 1907, [[Rudolf Steiner]] hints at how essential and fundamental his preoccupation with the nature of time was for him from around the age of 18. At that time, in 1879, he had just graduated from high school and was preparing for his studies. As a 21-year-old student, Steiner wrote the essay "Einzig mögliche Kritik der atomistischen Begriffe" (The only possible critic of atomistic concepts) {{BZ||63|9}}, which he sent in June 1882 to [[w:Friedrich Theodor Vischer|Friedrich Theodor Vischer]], whom he admired. In it, he also addressed the need for a correction of our concept of time, which Vischer had also repeatedly called for. For example, in a review of the book "Der alte und der neue Glaube" (The Old and the New Faith) by [[w:David Friedrich Strauß]], Vischer wrote of [[Darwin]]'s theory of evolution as a kind of timeless time in which the concepts of "before" and "after" were invalid categories. The concept of real development, which can never be based on mere blind chance, is different:


== Literature ==
== Literature ==

Revision as of 15:09, 13 February 2022

Titian: "Allegory of Time" - depiction of past, present and future on the basis of ages: the old man (past) looks back, the young man (future) looks forward; the man (present) turns towards the viewer.
The hourglass, a simple measuring instrument and at the same time a symbol for the inexorable flow of time.
Ancient hollow sphere sundial (scaphe) for displaying temporal hours; the horizontally mounted gnomon (shadow hand) was lost.

Time (Greek: Χρόνος chronos; Latin: tempus) appears to us today in earthly experience as an unstoppable, irreversible, linear sequence of events directed from the past through the present into the future. Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944) coined the term arrow of time[1] for this in the Gifford Lectures he gave in 1927, which gives the time axis a clear irreversible direction in spatiotemporal diagrams.

In contrast, the ancient mythologies were based on a cyclical model of time, which has its origins in the experience of the course of the year. Closely connected to the concept of time is the concept of temporality as an expression of the unstoppable, irreversible changeability and transience of the physical world, which is understood as a process of development characterised by constant becoming and passing away. Temporality is thus an opposite concept to the eternity and imperishability of the higher spiritual world. In the Old Testament, temporality and especially death are interpreted as the consequence of the Fall of Man.

From an anthroposophical point of view, what we experience as time has its true cause in the interaction of a sum of lower and higher spiritual beings.

Augustine on the riddle of time

„So what is time? If no one asks me about it, I know, but if I should explain it to one who asks me, I do not know; with confidence, however, I can at least say that I know that if nothing passed, there would be no past time, and if nothing passed, there would be no future time. those two times, then, past and future, how can one say that they are, if the past has already ceased to be and the future is not yet? If, on the other hand, the present were always present, and did not pass into the past, it would no longer be time, but eternity.“

– Augustine: Confessiones 11,14

The double current of time

In a letter written to Edouard Schuré in 1907, Rudolf Steiner hints at how essential and fundamental his preoccupation with the nature of time was for him from around the age of 18. At that time, in 1879, he had just graduated from high school and was preparing for his studies. As a 21-year-old student, Steiner wrote the essay "Einzig mögliche Kritik der atomistischen Begriffe" (The only possible critic of atomistic concepts) (Lit.: Contributions 63, p. 9), which he sent in June 1882 to Friedrich Theodor Vischer, whom he admired. In it, he also addressed the need for a correction of our concept of time, which Vischer had also repeatedly called for. For example, in a review of the book "Der alte und der neue Glaube" (The Old and the New Faith) by w:David Friedrich Strauß, Vischer wrote of Darwin's theory of evolution as a kind of timeless time in which the concepts of "before" and "after" were invalid categories. The concept of real development, which can never be based on mere blind chance, is different:

Literature
References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com.
Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books
A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works
Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English.
Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold
steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA)
Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF.

References

  1. ↑ A. Eddington: Space Time and Gravitation. Cambridge University Press 1920
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