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[[File:Trier-germany-waldorfschule.jpg|thumb|The Trier Waldorf School, example of the typical style ([[architecture|anthroposophical architecture]]) of many Waldorf school buildings]]
{{Panorama|Panorama Waldorfschule Loheland.jpg|1400|Rudolf-Steiner-Schule [[WikipediaDE:Loheland|Loheland]] in the typical anthroposophical style of many Waldorf school buildings}}
[[File:Steiner original.jpg|thumb|Dr. phil. Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), the first editor of Goethe's scientific writings, founder of the [[Anthroposophy|anthroposophical]] movement, developer of the art of education as applied in Waldorf schools, and head of the first Waldorf school in [[w:Stuttgart from|Stuttgart from]] 1919 to 1925]]
[[File:Trier-germany-waldorfschule.jpg|thumb|The Trier Waldorf School]]
[[File:Hawthorne Valley Waldorf School, Ghent, NY.jpg|thumb|Hawthorne Valley Waldorf School, Ghent, NY]]
[[File:Hawthorne Valley Waldorf School, Ghent, NY.jpg|thumb|Hawthorne Valley Waldorf School, Ghent, NY]]
[[File:Steiner original.jpg|thumb|Dr. phil. Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), the first editor of Goethe's scientific writings, founder of the [[Anthroposophy|anthroposophical]] movement, developer of the art of education as applied in Waldorf schools, and head of the first Waldorf school in [[w:Stuttgart from|Stuttgart from]] 1919 to 1925]]


'''Waldorf schools''' are independent schools where '''Waldorf teachers''' teach according to the [[Waldorf education]] founded by [[Rudolf Steiner]]. Waldorf education is one of the best-known practical applications of [[anthroposophy]], which was also founded by Rudolf Steiner and from whose mother soil it emerged. Many Waldorf schools have a [[Waldorf kindergarten]] attached to them. They are also known as Rudolf Steiner Schools, Free Waldorf schools, Steiner schools, École Waldorf in French and Vrijeschools in Dutch. There are currently 1251 Rudolf Steiner schools in 70 countries worldwide and 1915 Waldorf kindergartens in more than 59 countries (as of 2021)<ref>[http://www.freunde-waldorf.de/fileadmin/user_upload/images/Waldorf_World_List/Waldorf_World_List.pdf Waldorf_World_List.pdf]</ref>.
'''Waldorf schools''' are independent schools where '''Waldorf teachers''' teach according to the [[Waldorf education]] founded by [[Rudolf Steiner]]. Waldorf education is one of the best-known practical applications of [[anthroposophy]], which was also founded by Rudolf Steiner and from whose mother soil it emerged. Many Waldorf schools have a [[Waldorf kindergarten]] attached to them. They are also known as Rudolf Steiner Schools, Free Waldorf schools, Steiner schools, École Waldorf in French and Vrijeschools in Dutch. There are currently 1251 Rudolf Steiner schools in 70 countries worldwide and 1915 Waldorf kindergartens in more than 59 countries (as of 2021)<ref>[http://www.freunde-waldorf.de/fileadmin/user_upload/images/Waldorf_World_List/Waldorf_World_List.pdf Waldorf_World_List.pdf]</ref>.


== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Waldorf_schools_growth.jpg|right|thumb|375px|alt=Growth of Waldorf schools|Growth in the number of accredited Waldorf schools from 1919 to 2020<ref>Data drawn from Helmut Zander, ''Anthroposophie in Deutschland'', 2 volumes, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht Verlag, Göttingen 2007, {{ISBN|9783525554524}}; Dirk Randall, "Empirische Forschung und Waldorfpädogogik", in H. Paschen (ed.) ''Erziehungswissenschaftliche Zugänge zur Waldorfpädagogik'', 2010 Berlin: Springer 978-3-531-17397-9; "Introduction", ''Deeper insights in education: the Waldorf approach'', Rudolf Steiner Press (December 1983) 978-0880100670. p. vii; L. M. Klasse, ''Die Waldorfschule und die Grundlagen der Waldorfpädagogik Rudolf Steiners'', GRIN Verlag, 2007; Ogletree E J "The Waldorf Schools: An International School System", Headmaster U.S.A., pp8-10 Dec 1979; Heiner Ullrich, ''Rudolf Steiner'', Translated by Janet Duke and Daniel Balestrini, Continuum Library of Educational Thought, v. 11, 2008 {{ISBN|9780826484192}}; [http://www.freunde-waldorf.de/fileadmin/user_upload/images/Waldorf_World_List/Waldorf_World_List.pdf List of independent Waldorf schools worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212024849/https://www.freunde-waldorf.de/fileadmin/user_upload/images/Waldorf_World_List/Waldorf_World_List.pdf |date=12 December 2019 }} [http://publicwaldorf.org/who-we-are/member-schools/ Public Waldorf school list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212003007/http://publicwaldorf.org/who-we-are/member-schools/ |date=12 February 2021 }}</ref>]]
[[File:Waldorf_schools_growth.jpg|right|thumb|375px|alt=Growth of Waldorf schools|Growth in the number of accredited Waldorf schools from 1919 to 2020<ref>Data drawn from Helmut Zander, ''Anthroposophie in Deutschland'', 2 volumes, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht Verlag, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 9783525554524}}; Dirk Randall, "Empirische Forschung und Waldorfpädogogik", in H. Paschen (ed.) ''Erziehungswissenschaftliche Zugänge zur Waldorfpädagogik'', 2010 Berlin: Springer 978-3-531-17397-9; "Introduction", ''Deeper insights in education: the Waldorf approach'', Rudolf Steiner Press (December 1983) ISBN 978-0880100670. p. vii; L. M. Klasse, ''Die Waldorfschule und die Grundlagen der Waldorfpädagogik Rudolf Steiners'', GRIN Verlag, 2007; Ogletree E J "The Waldorf Schools: An International School System", Headmaster U.S.A., pp8-10 Dec 1979; Heiner Ullrich, ''Rudolf Steiner'', Translated by Janet Duke and Daniel Balestrini, Continuum Library of Educational Thought, v. 11, 2008 ISBN 9780826484192}}; [http://www.freunde-waldorf.de/fileadmin/user_upload/images/Waldorf_World_List/Waldorf_World_List.pdf List of independent Waldorf schools worldwide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212024849/https://www.freunde-waldorf.de/fileadmin/user_upload/images/Waldorf_World_List/Waldorf_World_List.pdf |date=12 December 2019 }} [http://publicwaldorf.org/who-we-are/member-schools/ Public Waldorf school list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212003007/http://publicwaldorf.org/who-we-are/member-schools/ |date=12 February 2021 }}</ref>]]


The Waldorf School emerged in the social turmoil after [[w:World War I|World War I]] from the attempts of [[Rudolf Steiner]] and his like-minded comrades to create a spiritual life independent of the state and to return science, art and religion to their assumed primordial unity. It ultimately developed out of general education courses for workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart, who wanted to gain a better understanding of their work processes and to develop Steiner's approaches to industrial science into a school for their children. For them, the first school was founded in 1919 by the owner of the factory, [[Emil Molt]], and ceremoniously opened on 7 September. Men and women from a wide variety of professional backgrounds taught there: an officer, a factory owner, the railway engineer [[Alexander Strakosch]] and the self-taught [[Ernst Uehli]]. Steiner became the first headmaster, Herbert Hahn was initially the most important teacher for the humanities subjects and later moved more and more into Steiner's position. Before [[w:World War II|World War II]] a handful of Waldorf schools were founded in Germany and a few more abroad; all those on territory that had at some point been conquered by Hitler were forced to close. After the war, Waldorf people quickly regrouped and many schools were founded. After the rapid growth of the movement in the aftermath of World War II, the foundings were stopped in 1973; they now came about only on the initiative of parents because it was feared that the young school movement might otherwise be crushed by the overload of its own rapid expansion. Since about the beginning of the 1990s, the movement, which had previously enjoyed only popularity, has come under much attack, among others by the Catholic Church. In the meantime, its spread in Germany has stopped, there is a shortage of teachers, while Waldorf schools abroad are multiplying more rapidly than ever before.  
The Waldorf School emerged in the social turmoil after [[w:World War I|World War I]] from the attempts of [[Rudolf Steiner]] and his like-minded comrades to create a spiritual life independent of the state and to return science, art and religion to their assumed primordial unity. It ultimately developed out of general education courses for workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart, who wanted to gain a better understanding of their work processes and to develop Steiner's approaches to industrial science into a school for their children. For them, the first school was founded in 1919 by the owner of the factory, [[Emil Molt]], and ceremoniously opened on 7 September. Men and women from a wide variety of professional backgrounds taught there: an officer, a factory owner, the railway engineer [[Alexander Strakosch]] and the self-taught [[Ernst Uehli]]. Steiner became the first headmaster, Herbert Hahn was initially the most important teacher for the humanities subjects and later moved more and more into Steiner's position. Before [[w:World War II|World War II]] a handful of Waldorf schools were founded in Germany and a few more abroad; all those on territory that had at some point been conquered by Hitler were forced to close. After the war, Waldorf people quickly regrouped and many schools were founded. After the rapid growth of the movement in the aftermath of World War II, the foundings were stopped in 1973; they now came about only on the initiative of parents because it was feared that the young school movement might otherwise be crushed by the overload of its own rapid expansion. Since about the beginning of the 1990s, the movement, which had previously enjoyed only popularity, has come under much attack, among others by the Catholic Church. In the meantime, its spread in Germany has stopped, there is a shortage of teachers, while Waldorf schools abroad are multiplying more rapidly than ever before.  

Revision as of 12:40, 30 June 2021

Enlarge
Rudolf-Steiner-Schule Loheland in the typical anthroposophical style of many Waldorf school buildings
Dr. phil. Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925), the first editor of Goethe's scientific writings, founder of the anthroposophical movement, developer of the art of education as applied in Waldorf schools, and head of the first Waldorf school in Stuttgart from 1919 to 1925
The Trier Waldorf School
Hawthorne Valley Waldorf School, Ghent, NY

Waldorf schools are independent schools where Waldorf teachers teach according to the Waldorf education founded by Rudolf Steiner. Waldorf education is one of the best-known practical applications of anthroposophy, which was also founded by Rudolf Steiner and from whose mother soil it emerged. Many Waldorf schools have a Waldorf kindergarten attached to them. They are also known as Rudolf Steiner Schools, Free Waldorf schools, Steiner schools, École Waldorf in French and Vrijeschools in Dutch. There are currently 1251 Rudolf Steiner schools in 70 countries worldwide and 1915 Waldorf kindergartens in more than 59 countries (as of 2021)[1].

History

Growth of Waldorf schools
Growth in the number of accredited Waldorf schools from 1919 to 2020[2]

The Waldorf School emerged in the social turmoil after World War I from the attempts of Rudolf Steiner and his like-minded comrades to create a spiritual life independent of the state and to return science, art and religion to their assumed primordial unity. It ultimately developed out of general education courses for workers at the Waldorf-Astoria cigarette factory in Stuttgart, who wanted to gain a better understanding of their work processes and to develop Steiner's approaches to industrial science into a school for their children. For them, the first school was founded in 1919 by the owner of the factory, Emil Molt, and ceremoniously opened on 7 September. Men and women from a wide variety of professional backgrounds taught there: an officer, a factory owner, the railway engineer Alexander Strakosch and the self-taught Ernst Uehli. Steiner became the first headmaster, Herbert Hahn was initially the most important teacher for the humanities subjects and later moved more and more into Steiner's position. Before World War II a handful of Waldorf schools were founded in Germany and a few more abroad; all those on territory that had at some point been conquered by Hitler were forced to close. After the war, Waldorf people quickly regrouped and many schools were founded. After the rapid growth of the movement in the aftermath of World War II, the foundings were stopped in 1973; they now came about only on the initiative of parents because it was feared that the young school movement might otherwise be crushed by the overload of its own rapid expansion. Since about the beginning of the 1990s, the movement, which had previously enjoyed only popularity, has come under much attack, among others by the Catholic Church. In the meantime, its spread in Germany has stopped, there is a shortage of teachers, while Waldorf schools abroad are multiplying more rapidly than ever before.

The Nazi era in Germany

During the era of National Socialism, the German Waldorf Schools, like other non-governmental schools, ceased teaching after 1937 at the latest, either through self-dissolution or coercion.[3]

The eight Waldorf schools had been a particular thorn in the side of the National Socialists from the beginning. Unlike other anthroposophical institutions, which were able to continue operating unnoticed by the authorities for a long time, the schools had a great external impact. In order to save the schools, Elisabeth Klein, the Dresden headmistress who held a key position in the negotiations with the regime, made contact with leading National Socialists. She sought to close ranks, while the school in Berlin explicitly distanced itself from these collaboration attempts in 1936 and pursued its own closure. Among the people Klein contacted was Rudolf Hess, who was said to have sympathies for anthroposophy. Klein also assumed that Hess saw his task as "protecting all schools of thought in Germany that can still have a constructive effect on spiritual life."[4]

On 1 November 1935 the Anthroposophical Society in Germany was banned by decree of Reinhard Heydrich. The justification clearly referred to antroposophical pedagogy and read: "According to the historical development of the Anthroposophical Society, it has an international outlook and still maintains close relations with foreign Freemasons, Jews and pacifists. The teaching methods based on the pedagogy of the founder Steiner and still applied in the existing anthroposophical schools today pursue an education that is individualistic and oriented towards the individual, which has nothing in common with the National Socialist educational principles.... i.V. gez. Heydrich."[5]

In accordance with an order by Rudolf Hess, Waldorf schools were no longer allowed to enrol pupils until 1940. Two schools were even banned (Stuttgart in 1938 and Dresden in 1941). The rest had to close for financial reasons. Of the eight anthroposophical curative education homes, three were massively threatened, two of which were closed.

Literature
References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com.
Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books
A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works
Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English.
Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold
steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA)
Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF.

References

  1. ↑ Waldorf_World_List.pdf
  2. ↑ Data drawn from Helmut Zander, Anthroposophie in Deutschland, 2 volumes, Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht Verlag, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 9783525554524}}; Dirk Randall, "Empirische Forschung und Waldorfpädogogik", in H. Paschen (ed.) Erziehungswissenschaftliche Zugänge zur Waldorfpädagogik, 2010 Berlin: Springer 978-3-531-17397-9; "Introduction", Deeper insights in education: the Waldorf approach, Rudolf Steiner Press (December 1983) ISBN 978-0880100670. p. vii; L. M. Klasse, Die Waldorfschule und die Grundlagen der Waldorfpädagogik Rudolf Steiners, GRIN Verlag, 2007; Ogletree E J "The Waldorf Schools: An International School System", Headmaster U.S.A., pp8-10 Dec 1979; Heiner Ullrich, Rudolf Steiner, Translated by Janet Duke and Daniel Balestrini, Continuum Library of Educational Thought, v. 11, 2008 ISBN 9780826484192}}; List of independent Waldorf schools worldwide Template:Webarchive Public Waldorf school list Template:Webarchive
  3. ↑ cf. Detlef Hardorp: Die deutsche Waldorfbewegung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus. In: Inge Hansen-Schaberg, Bruno Schonig: Basiswissen Pädagogik. Reformpädagogische Schulkonzepte Band 6: Waldorf-Pädagogik. Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2002. ISBN 3-89676-503-5, p. 132ff.
  4. ↑ In her memoirs she had written: "While sitting together with Hess and Leitgen in the Hotel Vier Jahreszeiten in Munich, he [=Hans Erdmenger] asked the question: 'What is actually the task of the Hess office?' Mr Leitgen answered: 'If you keep it to yourself, I will tell you. We see our task as protecting all schools of thought in Germany which can still have a constructive effect in spiritual life and which would be wiped out by other agencies of National Socialism'" Klein, Erinnerungen, 1978, p. 126. Quoted from Jens Heisterkamp, Schatten der Vergangenheit - Anthroposophen und ihre Institutionen im Nationalsozialismus, info3, April 1999 (Internet). Rudolf Hess's wife retrospectively stated: "My husband, through his association with Dr. Klein, has for the time being taken a protective hand. My husband, through his connection with Dr Klein, has held his protective hand over the Waldorf Schools, saying that he is in favour of letting this educational experiment work." Letter Ilse Hess to Reinhard G., 21.07.1984, quoted from Arfst Wagner, Dokumente und Briefe zur Geschichte der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft und Bewegung in der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus, 1993 (Internet)
  5. ↑ Preußische Geheime Staatspolizei Berlin, 1. November 1935, StAM LR 17 134354, BAD Z/B 1 904, BAK R 43 II/822, quoted from Walter Kugler, Feindbild Steiner, 2001, p. 11f.
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