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[[File:Ahriman-head.gif|thumb|200px|The head of Ahriman according to a sculpture created by [[Rudolf Steiner]].]]
'''Ahriman''' ([[w:Middle Persian|Middle Persian]]: "evil spirit"), also called '''Angra Manyu''' ([[w:Avestan|Avestan]]) or '''Mephistopheles''' (from {{HeS|מֵפִיץ}} ''mephiz'' "the corrupter" and {{He|ט֫פֶל}} ''tophel'' "the liar") and referred to in the Bible as [[Satan]], is according to the [[Ancient Persian culture|ancient Persian]] tradition the power of darkness, the [[Spirit of Darkness]]<ref name="Asuras">In an even deeper sense, however, the [[Asuras]], the [[Spirits of Personality]] who have deviated from the right path, are also called [[Spirits of Darkness]]. Their darkening power still far surpasses that of Ahriman,</ref>, who opposes the light God [[Ormuzd]] ([[Ahura Mazda]]) as an adversary. He bears the epithet '''Peetiare''' ("source of evil"), which is often used alone<ref>cf. U. Hannemann: ''Das Zend-Avesta'', p. 154 [https://books.google.at/books?id=t_H_5ej-bE0C&pg=PA154 google]</ref>. According to [[Rudolf Steiner]], an earthly incarnation of Ahriman is still to be expected "in the West" in the [[Anglo-German culture|present cultural epoch]]. Ahriman has established himself in the [[intellectual soul]], which has come into being through the unconscious transformation of parts of the [[etheric body]].
'''Ahriman''' ([[w:Middle Persian|Middle Persian]]: "evil spirit"), also called '''Angra Manyu''' ([[w:Avestan|Avestan]]) or '''Mephistopheles''' (from {{HeS|מֵפִיץ}} ''mephiz'' "the corrupter" and {{He|ט֫פֶל}} ''tophel'' "the liar") and referred to in the Bible as [[Satan]], is according to the [[Ancient Persian culture|ancient Persian]] tradition the power of darkness, the [[Spirit of Darkness]]<ref name="Asuras">In an even deeper sense, however, the [[Asuras]], the [[Spirits of Personality]] who have deviated from the right path, are also called [[Spirits of Darkness]]. Their darkening power still far surpasses that of Ahriman,</ref>, who opposes the light God [[Ormuzd]] ([[Ahura Mazda]]) as an adversary. He bears the epithet '''Peetiare''' ("source of evil"), which is often used alone<ref>cf. U. Hannemann: ''Das Zend-Avesta'', p. 154 [https://books.google.at/books?id=t_H_5ej-bE0C&pg=PA154 google]</ref>. According to [[Rudolf Steiner]], an earthly incarnation of Ahriman is still to be expected "in the West" in the [[Anglo-German culture|present cultural epoch]]. Ahriman has established himself in the [[intellectual soul]], which has come into being through the unconscious transformation of parts of the [[etheric body]].


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== Literature ==
== Literature ==


* Ulrich Hannemann (Hrsg.): ''Das Zend-Avesta''. Weißensee-Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-89998-199-5; eBook {{ASIN|B00HUC196U}} {{Google Buch|BuchID=t_H_5ej-bE0C}}
* Ulrich Hannemann (Hrsg.): ''Das Zend-Avesta''. Weißensee-Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-89998-199-5; eBook {{ASIN|B00HUC196U}} [https://books.google.at/books?id=t_H_5ej-bE0C&pg=PA154 google]
* ''Encyclopaedia of Ancient Iran''. Hashem-e Razi, Teheran, Sokhan 2002.
* ''Encyclopaedia of Ancient Iran''. Hashem-e Razi, Teheran, Sokhan 2002.
* [[w:Günter Lanczkowski|Günter Lanczkowski]]: ''Iranische Religionen.'' In: ''[[w:Theologische Realenzyklopädie|Theologische Realenzyklopädie]].'' Band 16, S. 247–258.
* [[w:Günter Lanczkowski|Günter Lanczkowski]]: ''Iranische Religionen.'' In: ''[[w:Theologische Realenzyklopädie|Theologische Realenzyklopädie]].'' Band 16, S. 247–258.

Revision as of 16:48, 29 March 2021

The head of Ahriman according to a sculpture created by Rudolf Steiner.

Ahriman (Middle Persian: "evil spirit"), also called Angra Manyu (Avestan) or Mephistopheles (from Hebrew: מֵפִיץ mephiz "the corrupter" and ט֫פֶל tophel "the liar") and referred to in the Bible as Satan, is according to the ancient Persian tradition the power of darkness, the Spirit of Darkness[1], who opposes the light God Ormuzd (Ahura Mazda) as an adversary. He bears the epithet Peetiare ("source of evil"), which is often used alone[2]. According to Rudolf Steiner, an earthly incarnation of Ahriman is still to be expected "in the West" in the present cultural epoch. Ahriman has established himself in the intellectual soul, which has come into being through the unconscious transformation of parts of the etheric body.

„In this second member of the human soul, the intellectual soul, that is, in the transformed part of the etheric body, Ahriman has established himself. He is in there and leads man to false judgments about material things, leads him to error and sin and lies, to everything that comes from the intellectual or mind soul. In all this, for example, that man gives himself up to the illusion that with matter the right thing is given, we have to see whispers of Ahriman, of Mephistopheles.“ (Lit.:GA 107, p. 247)

Literature
References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com.
Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books
A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works
Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English.
Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold
steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA)
Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF.

References

  1. ↑ In an even deeper sense, however, the Asuras, the Spirits of Personality who have deviated from the right path, are also called Spirits of Darkness. Their darkening power still far surpasses that of Ahriman,
  2. ↑ cf. U. Hannemann: Das Zend-Avesta, p. 154 google
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