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Matter (from Latin materia "substance"; etymologically related to Latin mater "mother" or matrix "womb"; Greek ὕλη, hylē) generally refers to everything that surrounds us in the sensory-physical world and builds up the material world as a whole, in the physically broadest sense everything that has rest mass. Furthermore, in addition to the so-called baryonic matter, which is made up of atoms and which builds up the material world we know, exotic forms of matter such as dark matter are now also being discussed, especially those with negative energy density or negative mass. Rudolf Steiner, based on his spiritual experiences, also spoke of a kind of negative matter that is not characterised by filling space but by emptying space below the zero level. Instead of pressure forces, it is connected with suction forces which, as etheric universal forces (also called circumferential forces, peripheral forces or centrifugal forces), have a centrifugal formative effect on the living world from the cosmic circumference without potential. From a spiritual point of view, there are also higher forms of matter such as astral matter.
'''Matter''' (from {{Latin|''materia''}} "substance"; etymologically related to Latin {{lang|la|''mater''}} "mother" or {{lang|la|''matrix''}} "womb"; {{Greek|ὕλη}} ''hylē'') generally refers to everything that surrounds us in the sensory-physical world and builds up the material world as a whole, in the physically broadest sense everything that has [[w:rest mass|rest mass]] and spatial expansion, i.e. [[w:volume|volume]]. A '''material''' is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an physical object. Furthermore, in addition to the so-called [[w:baryonic matter|baryonic matter]], which is made up of [[atom]]s and which builds up the material world we know, different forms of [[w:exotic matter|exotic matter]] such as [[w:dark matter|dark matter]] are now also being discussed, especially those with negative [[w:energy density|energy density]] or [[w:negative mass|negative mass]].  
 
[[Rudolf Steiner]], based on his spiritual experiences, also spoke of a kind of negative matter that is not characterised by filling space but by emptying space below the zero level. Instead of pressure forces, it is connected with suction forces which, as [[ether]]ic [[universal force]]s (also called circumferential forces, peripheral forces or centrifugal forces), have a centrifugal formative effect on the living world from the cosmic circumference without potential. From a spiritual point of view, there are also higher forms of matter such as [[astral matter]].
 
== The sensual-physical matter ==
 
The characteristic property of physical matter is its mass, which makes it subject to inertia and [[gravity]]. [[Light]], for example, is not matter in this sense, as it has no rest mass.
 
The necessary, phenomenologically comprehensible, common characteristic properties of sensual-physical substances are, in addition to their mass, their spatial expansion and thus their finite volume, their inner structure and their inner content of thermal energy. Seen in this way, substances are thing-like, corporeal. From a physical point of view, all physical substances are essentially made up of [[w:chemical element|chemical element]]s and these in turn are made up of [[atom]]s, which can further combine to form more complex [[molecule]]s and give matter its specific material identity.
 
According to [[w:quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]], the spatial expansion of matter, through which it can first appear as a [[substance]], is a consequence of the [[w:Pauli exclusion principle|Pauli exclusion principle]] that applies to all [[w:fermion|fermion]]s. Matter in this sense includes all [[w:elementary particle|elementary particle]]s with a half-integer [[w:Spin (physics)|spin]]. The [[w:quark|quark]]s and [[w:lepton|lepton]]s, which are approximately point-shaped<ref>The maximum expansion is limited by the Planck length l<sub>P</sub> = 1.616 · 10<sup>-35</sup> m</ref> according to current knowledge, are material in this way, but not substances. Thomas Görnitz writes on this:
 
{{LZ|By "substance" we want to designate - like the early philosophers - the corporeal, that which offers resistance to compression such as solids, liquids and gases - according to the motto: "where there is one body, there can be no second". Forces, on the other hand, can interpenetrate: Where there is gravity, there can also be magnetic forces, for example.
 
The distinction between matter with a rest mass as the counterpart to pure motion, i.e. to energy without a rest mass, and force as the counterpart to matter has a clear physical background. From the point of view of quantum theory, the differences between force and matter are based on the spin of the particles involved. The spin characterises how the quantum object behaves during a rotation.
 
"Substance" should be used to describe everything that is subject to the Pauli principle - that is, physically speaking, has a half-integer spin.|Görnitz, p. 478}}
 
== Literature ==
 
* [[w:Erwin Schrödinger|Erwin Schrödinger]]: ''Was ist ein Naturgesetz?: Beiträge zum naturwissenschaftlichen Weltbild'', Oldenburg Verlag, München 1987, ISBN 978-3486586718
* [[w:Hans Primas|Hans Primas]]: ''Kann Chemie auf Physik reduziert werden? Zweiter Teil: Die Chemie der Makrowelt'' in: [[Wikipedia:Chemie in unserer Zeit|Chemie in unserer Zeit]] 19/5 (Oktober 1985) {{DOI|10.1002/ciuz.19850190504}}
* Richard Guy Woolley: ''Must a molecule have shape?'' in: ''New Scientist'', 22. Oktober 1988, p. 53-57 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Woolley4/publication/314751850_Must_a_molecule_have_shape/links/58c5699045851538eb8af944/Must-a-molecule-have-shape.pdf?origin=publication_detail pdf]
* [[a:Thomas Görnitz|Thomas Görnitz]], [[a:Brigitte Görnitz|Brigitte Görnitz]]: ''Das Geistige im Blickfeld der Naturwissenschaft - Bewusstsein und Materie als spezielle Formen der Protyposis - von abstrakter, bedeutungsfreier Quanteninformation'', in: Johannes Weinzirl (Hrsg.), Peter Heusser (Hrsg.): ''Was ist Geist?'', Wittener Kolloquium für Humanismus, Medizin und Philosophie, Band 2, Königshausen u. Neumann 2014, ISBN 978-3826052224
* [[a:Thomas Görnitz|Thomas Görnitz]], [[a:Brigitte Görnitz|Brigitte Görnitz]]: ''Von der Quantenphysik zum Bewusstsein - Kosmos, Geist und Materie,'' Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2016'','' ISBN 978-3-662-49081-5
* Interview mit Hans-Peter Dürr in DER STANDARD, 12. November 1998, ''Materie ist Kruste des Geistes'' 
* [[w:Hans-Peter Dürr|Hans-Peter Dürr]]: ''Versöhnung von Wissenschaft und Religion'', Vortrag vom 30. Mai 2003, Französische Friedrichstadtkirche (Gendarmenmarkt), Berlin
* Hans-Peter Dürr: ''Es gibt keine Materie!'', Crotona 2012, ISBN 978-3861910282, eBook {{ASIN|B0158VC54E}}
* Boris Lemmer, Benjamin Bahr, Rina Piccolo: ''Quirky Quarks: Mit Cartoons durch die unglaubliche Welt der Physik'', Springer Verlag 2017, ISBN 978-3662502587, eBook ISBN 978-3-662-50259-4 (pdf), {{ASIN|B01MQRB6YZ}} (kindle)
* [[a:Martin Basfeld|Martin Basfeld]]: ''Wärme: Ur-Materie und Ich-Leib: Beiträge zur Anthropologie und Kosmologie.'', Verlag Freies Geistesleben, Stuttgart 1998, ISBN 978-3772516306
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Einleitungen zu Goethes Naturwissenschaftlichen Schriften'', [[GA 1]] (1987), ISBN 3-7274-0011-0 {{Lectures|001}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Erkenntnis der Seele und des Geistes'', [[GA 56]] (1985), ISBN 3-7274-0560-0 {{Lectures|056}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Wo und wie findet man den Geist?'', [[GA 57]] (1984), ISBN 3-7274-0570-8 {{Lectures|057}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Kosmogonie'', [[GA 94]] (2001), ISBN 3-7274-0940-1 {{Lectures|094}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Ursprungsimpulse der Geisteswissenschaft'', [[GA 96]] (1989), ISBN 3-7274-0961-4 {{Lectures|096}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Geistige Hierarchien und ihre Widerspiegelung in der physischen Welt'', [[GA 110]] (1991), ISBN 3-7274-1100-7 {{Lectures|110}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Offenbarungen des Karma'', [[GA 120]] (1992), ISBN 3-7274-1200-3 {{Lectures|120}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Mission der neuen Geistesoffenbarung'', [[GA 127]] (1989), ISBN 3-7274-1270-4 {{Lectures|127}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Das esoterische Christentum und die geistige Führung der Menschheit'', [[GA 130]] (1995)
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Welt der Sinne und die Welt des Geistes'', [[GA 134]] (1990)
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Bhagavad Gita und die Paulusbriefe'', [[GA 142]] (1982), ISBN 3-7274-1420-0 {{Lectures|142}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Welche Bedeutung hat die okkulte Entwicklung des Menschen für seine Hüllen (physischer Leib, Ätherleib, Astralleib) und sein Selbst?'', [[GA 145]] (2005), ISBN 3-7274-1450-2 {{Lectures|145}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Weltwesen und Ichheit'', [[GA 169]] (1998), ISBN 3-7274-1690-4 {{Lectures|169}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die Brücke zwischen der Weltgeistigkeit und dem Physische des Menschen'', [[GA 202]] (1993), ISBN 3-7274-2020-0 {{Lectures|202}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Eurythmie – Die Offenbarung der sprechenden Seele'', [[GA 277]] (1999), ISBN 3-7274-2770-1 {{Lectures|277}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Die pädagogische Praxis vom Gesichtspunkte geisteswissenschaftlicher Menschenerkenntnis. Die Erziehung des Kindes und jüngeren Menschen.'', [[GA 306]] (1989), ISBN 3-7274-3060-5 {{Lectures|306}}
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Geisteswissenschaftliche Impulse zur Entwickelung der Physik, II'', [[GA 321]] (2000), ISBN 3-7274-3210-1 {{Lectures|321}}
* ''[[Beiträge zur Rudolf Steiner Gesamtausgabe]]'', Heft 122 (2000) {{BE|122}}
 
{{GA}}
 
== References ==
 
<references />
 
[[Category:Physical world]]
[[Category:Matter]]
[[de:Materie]]

Latest revision as of 06:25, 3 August 2021

Matter (from Latin: materia "substance"; etymologically related to Latin mater "mother" or matrix "womb"; Greek: ὕλη hylē) generally refers to everything that surrounds us in the sensory-physical world and builds up the material world as a whole, in the physically broadest sense everything that has rest mass and spatial expansion, i.e. volume. A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an physical object. Furthermore, in addition to the so-called baryonic matter, which is made up of atoms and which builds up the material world we know, different forms of exotic matter such as dark matter are now also being discussed, especially those with negative energy density or negative mass.

Rudolf Steiner, based on his spiritual experiences, also spoke of a kind of negative matter that is not characterised by filling space but by emptying space below the zero level. Instead of pressure forces, it is connected with suction forces which, as etheric universal forces (also called circumferential forces, peripheral forces or centrifugal forces), have a centrifugal formative effect on the living world from the cosmic circumference without potential. From a spiritual point of view, there are also higher forms of matter such as astral matter.

The sensual-physical matter

The characteristic property of physical matter is its mass, which makes it subject to inertia and gravity. Light, for example, is not matter in this sense, as it has no rest mass.

The necessary, phenomenologically comprehensible, common characteristic properties of sensual-physical substances are, in addition to their mass, their spatial expansion and thus their finite volume, their inner structure and their inner content of thermal energy. Seen in this way, substances are thing-like, corporeal. From a physical point of view, all physical substances are essentially made up of chemical elements and these in turn are made up of atoms, which can further combine to form more complex molecules and give matter its specific material identity.

According to quantum mechanics, the spatial expansion of matter, through which it can first appear as a substance, is a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle that applies to all fermions. Matter in this sense includes all elementary particles with a half-integer spin. The quarks and leptons, which are approximately point-shaped[1] according to current knowledge, are material in this way, but not substances. Thomas Görnitz writes on this:

„By "substance" we want to designate - like the early philosophers - the corporeal, that which offers resistance to compression such as solids, liquids and gases - according to the motto: "where there is one body, there can be no second". Forces, on the other hand, can interpenetrate: Where there is gravity, there can also be magnetic forces, for example.

The distinction between matter with a rest mass as the counterpart to pure motion, i.e. to energy without a rest mass, and force as the counterpart to matter has a clear physical background. From the point of view of quantum theory, the differences between force and matter are based on the spin of the particles involved. The spin characterises how the quantum object behaves during a rotation.

"Substance" should be used to describe everything that is subject to the Pauli principle - that is, physically speaking, has a half-integer spin.“ (Lit.: Görnitz, p. 478)

Literature
References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com.
Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books
A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works
Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English.
Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold
steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA)
Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF.

References

  1. ↑ The maximum expansion is limited by the Planck length lP = 1.616 · 10-35 m
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