Theosophical Society Adyar
The Theosophical Society Adyar (Adyar-TG or TS Adyar) is a theosophical organisation which evolved from the Theosophical Society (TS) founded in New York City in 1875. Its headquarters are in Adyar in India. Today it is by far the largest TS and active in more than 60 countries of the world, including Germany, Austria and Switzerland. In addition to its classical range of activities in the field of esotericism and religion, it has exerted great influence on society, politics, art and science in the course of its history. Internal disputes as well as a series of scandals, however, tarnished the organisation's charisma.
Prehistory
The Theosophical Society was founded in New York City on 17 November 1875. The most important founders and protagonists of the first decades were Helena Blavatsky, Henry Steel Olcott and William Quan Judge, with Olcott holding the office of President. After initial difficulties, the Theosophical Society (TS) was able to establish itself and found its first subsidiaries (lodges). A connection with the Arya Samaj led to the Theosophical Society of the Arya Samaj in 1878 and Blavatsky and Olcott's move to India in 1879. After the founding of India's first Theosophical Lodge in Mumbai by the two Theosophists, they brought the headquarters there from New York in 1879 and published the monthly journal «The Theosophist». In 1882, Blavatsky and Olcott bought a 27-acre (about 11 hectares) plot of land with three small buildings in Adyar, on the banks of the Adyar River, for 600 pounds and moved the TG headquarters to this place in December 1882.[1] In the years that followed, Adyar gradually came to be known in Theosophical circles as a symbol of the TG par excellence. The growth of the organisation and the concomitant maturation of Blavatsky and Olcott brought about an adjustment of the aims of the Theosophical Society in the 1880s, which eventually promoted its expansion in India and Sri Lanka in that decade and in Europe and America in the 1890s.
According to the Theosophical view, the TS was founded on behalf of so-called Masters of Wisdom, who are also said to have guided and directed the development of the TS. These Masters were supposedly Blavatsky's teachers and authors of numerous Master Letters received by a number of leading Theosophists, especially Alfred Percy Sinnett and Allan Octavian Hume. The Masters were held in high esteem by the Theosophists, just as the Master Letters have a firm place in the TS's doctrinal edifice. The Coulomb Affair in 1884 and the subsequent [[[Hodgson Report]] in 1885, both related to the Master Letters, had a devastating effect on the reputation of the TS and led to Blavatsky's departure for Europe and the loss of her influence. In 1885, Theosophists and the TS were instrumental in the founding of the Indian National Congress (INC) and were associated with the Indian struggle for independence for decades. To re-establish her influence, Blavatsky founded the Esoteric Section or Esoteric School of Theosophy or Eastern School of Theosophy (E.S. or E.S.T.) in London in 1888 as a separate body alongside the TS and nominally independent of it. On May 27, 1891, Judge and Annie Besant, took over the leadership of the E.S.
The years 1894 and 1895 saw the Judge Case, a series of misunderstandings, influence peddling and power struggles between Judge on the one hand and Olcott and Besant on the other, which finally ended on 28 April 1895 with the split of the TG into two competing organisations. On the one hand the Theosophical Society in America (TSinA) under the hierarchical leadership of Judge and on the other hand the more democratic Theosophical Society Adyar (TS Adyar) under Olcott. This schism was only the prelude to a series of further splits that led to a multitude of different Theosophical Societies.
History of TS Adyar
Under Henry Steel Olcott
As already mentioned, in Theosophical circles Adyar had become established as a synonym for the TS. As a result of the schism of 28 April 1895, two TSs had now come into being and the designation TS Adyar had become necessary to distinguish them. This became all the more important when, in the following decades, a number of other T.S. emerged through further splits, several of which also called themselves Theosophical Societies. April 28th can thus be regarded as the day of the birth of the Adyar TS, today the Adyar TS calls itself The Theosophical Society - Adyar. As the headquarters of the TS had been in Adyar since 1882 and the leadership remained continuous through Olcott, the now TS Adyar was and is often equated with the TS of 1875. All the merits but also scandals of the period from 1875 to 1895 are usually attributed to the TS Adyar. For many decades, the Adyar TS also claimed to be the rightful successor of the original TS. This view gradually gave way to more differentiated views in the Adyar TS. However, this right is criticised and disputed by other TGs, which for their part still claim to be the sole inheritors of the "true" and "genuine" Theosophy.
Less than a year after the schism, in March 1896, Judge died. This made Olcott the last living of the "three founders" (Blavatsky, Olcott, Judge). Through his extensive, worldwide activity in building up the Theosophical Society, his person was an important integration figure for the majority of Theosophists. The worldwide spread of the TS Adyar, its openness to Asian and European religions and philosophies, as well as its adherence to a democratic organisational structure led to a special attractiveness of the TS Adyar compared to the TSinA and thus to a stronger increase in membership. In addition, there were disputes in TSinA over Judges' succession and the reorientation towards social commitment under Katherine Tingley. A number of lodges therefore turned away from TSinA in the following years and joined TS Adyar. Thus, by the early 1900s, the TS Adyar had already surpassed the TGinA in the USA in terms of both membership and the number of lodges. It was not until 3 April 1905 that Olcott registered the TS Adyar as a corporation in Chennai, until which time New York had been the legal seat of the organisation.
During his presidency, Olcott mainly promoted Buddhism; at his death in 1907, the TS Adyar had around 650 lodges and centres in operation worldwide.
Under Annie Besant
After Olcott's death on 17 February 1907, Bertram Keightley and Annie Besant ran for president. Keightley eventually withdrew his candidacy, leaving Besant as the only one standing for election, which she clearly won for lack of an alternative. As a close confidante of Blavatsky during the last two years of her life, she had gained considerable influence and, through her self-confident manner and dazzling oratory skills, had extended her authority even further in the years that followed. Even before becoming a member of the Theosophical Society, Besant had developed strong sympathies for Hinduism and reform socialism, which she brought to the Society through lectures and books. At the turn of the century she overcame the negative attitudes towards esoteric Christianity that had prevailed in the TS since Blavatsky.
In the first years after the founding of the TS in 1875, the focus was on the study of occultism, but from about 1878 Olcott mainly propagated Buddhism in the TS. With the retirement of Judge as a result of the Judge Case, Besant continued to gain weight and her turn towards Hinduism became more pronounced from about 1894 onwards in the form of a change of direction in what was now the Adyar TS. After the discovery of Jiddu Krishnamurti by Charles Webster Leadbeater and the founding of the Order of the Star in the East for the new "World Teacher", there was a new change of course in the TS Adyar under Besant. Since about 1911, the coming of a "new Christ" (Maitreya) was in the foreground.
Under the autocratic leadership of Katherine Tingley, many attacks were launched by her TGinA against the TS Adyar. Leadbeater and Besant in particular were accused of betraying the pure teachings of Blavatsky's Theosophy and the Masters of Wisdom, from which no one was allowed to deviate. Leadbeater had recommended masturbation to young theosophists who accompanied him on lecture tours and were plagued by erotic fantasies as a means of making the fantasies controllable. This was never denied by Leadbeater. After such recommendations became known in early 1906, Leadbeater was accused of having homosexual relations with his students, which resulted in his 'voluntary' resignation from TS Adyar as a result of an honour court case to prevent harm to it. This court case and a second one ended in Leadbeater's acquittal. It later emerged that the spread of the allegations, as well as the legal proceedings of the guardianship case against Annie Besant, had been paid for by Katherine Tingley. As early as 1907, H. S. Olcott apologised to Leadbeater. Besant then, against the opposition of numerous theosophists, pushed for Leadbeater's reinstatement in January 1909. This led to the departure of George Robert Stow Mead and the secession of the Quest Society. The cult of Krishnamurti and the Order of the Star in the East was again one of the reasons for the final split of the Anthroposophical Society under Rudolf Steiner in 1912/13.
Besant expanded through acquisitions the Adyar TS landholding in Adyar acquired by Blavatsky from 27 acres to 270 acres (109.27 hectares 1.09 km²). She established the Vasanta Press printing house in 1908 and the Theosophical Publishing House in 1913, which continue to this day and publish Theosophical literature. The spiritual centres Krotona in Ojai, Manor in Sydney, and St. Michael's in Naarden, which are also still active today, were started under Besant's presidency. Educational work with children and youth, education and schooling as well as social commitment were given great importance under Besant for the TS Adyar. A number of schools, colleges and universities, children's, youth and aid organisations, as well as women's rights and aid groups and charitable institutions were established. These were partly autonomous, but were and are mostly under the indirect influence of the TS Adyar. Reform education and the women's movement in particular received important impulses and help from the Theosophical field. Unlike the Waldorf School movement, no ideological influence was exerted on the Montessori School movement, which was promoted by the Adyar Theosophists.
In the political field, the influence of the TS Adyar in South Asia reached a peak around 1917/18. Besant was elected president of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1917, and a number of INC members were Theosophists. Globally, around 1920 was the peak of Theosophical influence. The dissolution of the Order of the Star in the East in 1929 marginalised the credibility and thus the influence of the TS Adyar for the next decade. After Besant's death in 1933, her successor George Arundale was mainly preoccupied with consolidating and reappraising the Krishnamurti era, rather than devoting himself to new projects.
After Besant's death in 1933
Besant's death in 1933, followed by Leadbeater's demise in 1934, marked a watershed in the history of the Adyar TS. With her death, the era of the "great leaders", the charismatic personalities in the TS Adyar came to an end. None of the following presidents or leading members of staff radiated anywhere near the dynamism or were able to unfold a similar effect as the first and second theosophical generation. The respective presidents travelled the world, held lectures and congresses, published a number of books in some cases, but the times of tumultuous growth and worldwide influence were over.
Presidents of the TS Adyar were:
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To date, there has never been an incumbent president voted out of office; all have been re-elected at the end of their seven-year term and held the position until their death. Exceptions were Jinarajadasa, who did not run for a second term due to health reasons, and Coats, who died during his first term.
Literature
- C.V. Agarwal: The Buddhist and the theosophical movements, 1873–1992. Sarnath, Varanasi 1993.
- Bruce F. Campbell: Ancient wisdom revived. A history of the Theosophical movement. University of California Press, Berkeley 1980, ISBN 0-520-03968-8.
- Hermann Rudolph Fischer: 100 Jahre Theosophische Gesellschaft. Ein geschichtlicher Überblick. Schatzkammerverlag Fändrich, Calw 1980.
- Joscelyn Godwin: The theosophical enlightenment. State University of New York Press, Albany 1994, ISBN 0-7914-2152-X.
- Michael Gomes: The dawning of the theosophical movement. Theosophical Publishing House, Wheaton 1987, ISBN 0-8356-0623-6.
- Hammer, Olav; Rothstein, Mikael: Handbook of the theosophical current. Brill, Leiden 2013, ISBN 978-90-04-23596-0.
- Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa: The golden book of the Theosophical Society. A brief history of the Societys growth from 1875–1955. Theosophical Publishing House, London 1925.
- K. Parvathi Kumar: Die theosophische Bewegung. Edition Kulapati, Wermelskirchen 1996, ISBN 3-930637-07-3.
- Joy Mills: 100 years of theosophy. A history of the Theosophical Society in America. Theosophical Publishing House, Wheaton 1987, ISBN 0-8356-0235-4.
- Josephine Ransom: A Short History of the Theosophical Society. Theosophical Publishing House, Wheaton 1992, ISBN 978-81-7059-122-1.
- James A. Santucci: Theosophy and the Theosophical Society. Theosophical History Centre, London 1985, ISBN 0-948753-00-5.
- Peter Washington: Madame Blavatskys baboon. A history of the mystics, mediums, and misfits who brought spiritualism to America. Schocken Books, New York 1995, ISBN 0-8052-4125-6.
Weblinks
History
- The Theosophical Movement 1875-1925
- The Theosophical Movement 1875-1950
- Historical Review of the Adyar-TG from 1875 to 1907
- Historical Review of the Adyar-TG since 1907
- Articles and Links on Theosophical History
- Articles and Links on Theosophical History
Websites of the TS Adyar
- Headquarters in India
- American Section (very extensive)
- English Section
- Swiss Representative Office
- Austrian Representative Office
- German Representative Office
References
| This article is partly based on the article Theosophische Gesellschaft Adyar from the free encyclopedia de.wikipedia and is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike. Wikipedia has a list of authors available. |
