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== History ==
== History ==


The term "[[algorithm]]" is named after the polymath [[w:Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi|al-Khwarizmi]] ("the native of Khwarazm", {{Latin|Algorismi}}; * around 780; † between 835 (?) and 850), who came from [[w:Khwarazm|Khwarazm]] in [[w:Iran|Iran]] and worked and taught in the [[w:House of Wisdom|House of Wisdom]] in [[w:Baghdad|Baghdad]] during the heyday of the [[w:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]. An algorithm is a "systematic, logical rule or procedure consisting of a finite number of well-defined individual steps that leads to the solution of a given problem"<ref>Werner Stangl: ''[http://lexikon.stangl.eu/3027/algorithmus-algorythmus-algorhythmus/ Algorithmus]. In: [https://lexikon.stangl.eu lexikon.stangl.eu]. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</ref>. These can be rules of all kinds, for example rules of calculation, recipes (including cooking recipes), laws and regulations, etc. They can be formulated unambiguously in human language and implemented in computer programs in a strictly formalised way. In the early phase of AI, attempts were made to emulate human intelligence by means of corresponding algorithms.  
The term "[[algorithm]]" is named after the polymath [[w:Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi|al-Khwarizmi]] ("the native of Khwarazm", {{Latin|Algorismi}}; * around 780; † between 835 (?) and 850), who came from [[w:Khwarazm|Khwarazm]] in [[w:Iran|Iran]] and worked and taught in the [[w:House of Wisdom|House of Wisdom]] in [[w:Baghdad|Baghdad]] during the heyday of the [[w:Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]]. An algorithm is a "systematic, logical rule or procedure consisting of a finite number of well-defined individual steps that leads to the solution of a given problem"<ref>Werner Stangl: ''[http://lexikon.stangl.eu/3027/algorithmus-algorythmus-algorhythmus/ Algorithmus]''. In: [https://lexikon.stangl.eu lexikon.stangl.eu]. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</ref>. These can be rules of all kinds, for example rules of calculation, recipes (including cooking recipes), laws and regulations, etc. They can be formulated unambiguously in human language and implemented in computer programs in a strictly formalised way. In the early phase of AI, attempts were made to emulate human intelligence by means of corresponding algorithms.  
 
[[w:Thomas Hobbes|Thomas Hobbes]] (1588-1679) already advocated an early version of [[computationalism]], according to which man's rational mind is based on computational processes:
 
 


== Literature ==
== Literature ==

Revision as of 11:03, 29 August 2021

And such a brain that shall think accurately,
Will henceforth also make a thinker

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Faust II, Laboratory
Statue of Alan Turing (1912-1954) at the University of Surrey
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
Julien Offray de La Mettrie (1709-1751)
John McCarthy (1927-2011)
Marvin Minsky (1927-2016)
Raymond "Ray" Kurzweil (2006)
Samuel Butler (1835-1902)

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that aims to automate intelligence by means of computers. Particularly in the field of cognitive intelligence (e.g. speech and text recognition, object recognition, autonomous driving), great progress has been made in recent years.

History

The term "algorithm" is named after the polymath al-Khwarizmi ("the native of Khwarazm", LatinAlgorismi; * around 780; † between 835 (?) and 850), who came from Khwarazm in Iran and worked and taught in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad during the heyday of the Abbasids. An algorithm is a "systematic, logical rule or procedure consisting of a finite number of well-defined individual steps that leads to the solution of a given problem"[1]. These can be rules of all kinds, for example rules of calculation, recipes (including cooking recipes), laws and regulations, etc. They can be formulated unambiguously in human language and implemented in computer programs in a strictly formalised way. In the early phase of AI, attempts were made to emulate human intelligence by means of corresponding algorithms.

Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) already advocated an early version of computationalism, according to which man's rational mind is based on computational processes:


Literature

References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com.
Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books
A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works
Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English.
Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold
steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA)
Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF.

References

  1. Werner Stangl: Algorithmus. In: lexikon.stangl.eu. Retrieved 4 December 2017.