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'''Renaissance''' (borrowed from {{French|renaissance}} "rebirth") is the name given to the European [[cultural epoch]] during the transition from the [[w:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] to modern times in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was characterised by efforts to revive the cultural achievements of Greek and Roman antiquity. Starting in the cities of northern [[w:Italy|Italy]], the artists and scholars of the Renaissance with their innovative painting, architecture, sculpture, literature and philosophy also influenced the countries north of the Alps, albeit in different ways in each case. The term "Renaissance" was only coined in the 19th century.  
'''Renaissance''' (borrowed from {{French|renaissance}} "rebirth") is the name given to the European [[cultural epoch]] during the transition from the [[w:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]] to modern times in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was characterised by efforts to revive the cultural achievements of Greek and Roman antiquity. Starting in the cities of northern [[w:Italy|Italy]], the artists and scholars of the Renaissance with their innovative painting, architecture, sculpture, literature and philosophy also influenced the countries north of the Alps, albeit in different ways in each case. The term "Renaissance" was only coined in the 19th century.  
== Overview ==
[[w:Europe|Europe]] had already looked back to antiquity in the [[w:Middle Ages|Middle Ages]], but it was not until the [[w:Late Middle Ages|Late Middle Ages]] that important ancient texts were rediscovered and made accessible. In [[Renaissance humanism]], the ancient state system was studied. Also considered characteristic of the Renaissance were the many inventions and discoveries made at that time, which can be described as the result of a general intellectual awakening (→ [[w:Renaissance technology|Renaissance technology]]).
In art history, the core period of the Renaissance is considered to be the 15th ([[w:Quattrocento|Quattrocento]]) and 16th centuries ([[w:Cinquecento|Cinquecento]]). The late Renaissance is also known as [[w:Mannerism|Mannerism]]. The end of the epoch came in the early 17th century in Italy with the emergence of the [[w:Baroque|Baroque]] style. Outside Italy, Gothic forms continued to dominate for some time; the transitions here are fluid and their assessment depends on whether a narrower stylistic concept of the Renaissance is used or a broader epochal concept. In Protestant Northern Europe, the epochal concept of the Renaissance is overlaid by that of the [[w:Reformation|Reformation]].
Renaissance artists include Italians such as [[w:Alberti|Alberti]], [[w:Donatello|Donatello]], [[w:Botticelli|Botticelli]], [[w:Leonardo da Vinci|Leonardo da Vinci]], [[w:Bramante|Bramante]], [[w:Raphael|Raphael]], [[w:Michelangelo|Michelangelo]] and [[w:Titian|Titian]], and in the German-speaking world [[w:Albrecht Dürer|Albrecht Dürer]] and the [[w:Danube school|Danube school]]. But this era also includes important writers from [[Dante Alighieri]] to [[w:William Shakespeare|William Shakespeare]]. The state philosopher [[w:Niccolò Machiavelli|Niccolò Machiavelli]] is regarded as an analyst and representative of self-confident power politics. [[w:Erasmus|Erasmus of Rotterdam]], on the other hand, stands for morality and self-reflection. In music, the era is associated above all with increased polyphony and new harmony, for example in the work of [[w:Orlande de Lassus|Orlande de Lassus]].


== Literature ==
== Literature ==
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Revision as of 08:03, 4 June 2022

Renaissance (borrowed from French: renaissance "rebirth") is the name given to the European cultural epoch during the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was characterised by efforts to revive the cultural achievements of Greek and Roman antiquity. Starting in the cities of northern Italy, the artists and scholars of the Renaissance with their innovative painting, architecture, sculpture, literature and philosophy also influenced the countries north of the Alps, albeit in different ways in each case. The term "Renaissance" was only coined in the 19th century.

Overview

Europe had already looked back to antiquity in the Middle Ages, but it was not until the Late Middle Ages that important ancient texts were rediscovered and made accessible. In Renaissance humanism, the ancient state system was studied. Also considered characteristic of the Renaissance were the many inventions and discoveries made at that time, which can be described as the result of a general intellectual awakening (→ Renaissance technology).

In art history, the core period of the Renaissance is considered to be the 15th (Quattrocento) and 16th centuries (Cinquecento). The late Renaissance is also known as Mannerism. The end of the epoch came in the early 17th century in Italy with the emergence of the Baroque style. Outside Italy, Gothic forms continued to dominate for some time; the transitions here are fluid and their assessment depends on whether a narrower stylistic concept of the Renaissance is used or a broader epochal concept. In Protestant Northern Europe, the epochal concept of the Renaissance is overlaid by that of the Reformation.

Renaissance artists include Italians such as Alberti, Donatello, Botticelli, Leonardo da Vinci, Bramante, Raphael, Michelangelo and Titian, and in the German-speaking world Albrecht Dürer and the Danube school. But this era also includes important writers from Dante Alighieri to William Shakespeare. The state philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli is regarded as an analyst and representative of self-confident power politics. Erasmus of Rotterdam, on the other hand, stands for morality and self-reflection. In music, the era is associated above all with increased polyphony and new harmony, for example in the work of Orlande de Lassus.

Literature
References to the work of Rudolf Steiner follow Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works (CW or GA), Rudolf Steiner Verlag, Dornach/Switzerland, unless otherwise stated.
Email: verlag@steinerverlag.com URL: www.steinerverlag.com.
Index to the Complete Works of Rudolf Steiner - Aelzina Books
A complete list by Volume Number and a full list of known English translations you may also find at Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works
Rudolf Steiner Archive - The largest online collection of Rudolf Steiner's books, lectures and articles in English.
Rudolf Steiner Audio - Recorded and Read by Dale Brunsvold
steinerbooks.org - Anthroposophic Press Inc. (USA)
Rudolf Steiner Handbook - Christian Karl's proven standard work for orientation in Rudolf Steiner's Collected Works for free download as PDF.
This article is partly based on the article Renaissance from the free encyclopedia de.wikipedia and is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike. Wikipedia has a list of authors available.
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