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'''Vice''' (from {{Latin|''vitium''}} "defect, offense, blemish, imperfection," in both physical and moral senses, in [[w:Medieval Latin|Medieval Latin]] also ''vicium''<ref>"[https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=vice Vice]". ''[https://www.etymonline.com/ Online Etymology Dictionary]''. Retrieved 2021-08-15.</ref>; {{German|''[[a:Laster|Laster]]''}}, from {{OHG|''lastar''}} "disgrace, blame, fault") is a permanent bad habit, which as such has its primary seat in the [[etheric body]] of [[man]]. Vice is contrasted with [[virtue]], which is also rooted in the etheric body, as a positive counter-image. By indulging in vice, one not only falls prey to a momentary [[temptation]], as in the case of [[sin]], which has its cause in the [[astral body]], but loads a much deeper guilt upon oneself, which also damages the social community in a much more lasting way. Vices are not sins in the narrower sense, but they form the root from which the most diverse sins repeatedly spring.

{{GZ|Spiritual science has always termed as “guilt” (German, “Schuld”) those sins that are against the community, and that originate in a faulty etheric body. The more common English word “debts” (“Schulden”) has in German an origin similar to the word “guilt,” with its more moral connotation in English, signifying what one man owes another in a moral sense. Debt, or guilt, derives from defective qualities in the etheric body, whereas a defective element in the astral body leads to what spiritual science associates with the word “temptation.” The man yielding to temptation takes upon himself a personal fault, or failure.|96|214f}}

== The Seven Capital Vices ==
[[File:Hieronymus Bosch- The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things.JPG|thumb|upright=2.0|[[w:Hieronymus Bosch|Hieronymus Bosch]] (1450-1516): ''[[w:The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things|The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things]]]]

In the [[Christian]] occidental tradition, '''seven deadly vices''' or '''capital vices''' are commonly named, which are often erroneously called the '''seven deadly sins''' in the common parlance:

* Superbia: [[Pride]] (arrogance, vanity, pride, glory-seeking).
* Avaritia: [[Greed]] (avarice, covetousness)
* Invidia: [[Envy]] (jealousy)
* Ira: [[Wrath]] (anger, retaliation, vindictiveness) (rage, retaliation, vindictiveness)
* Luxuria: Lust (unchastity)
* Gula: [[Gluttony]] (gluttony, intemperance, intemperance, selfishness)
* Acedia: [[Sloth]] of the heart / mind (laziness, weariness)

Towards the end of the 4th century, the Christian writer and monk [[w:Evagrius Ponticus|Evagrius Ponticus]], also called ''Evagrius the Solitary'', had for the first time given a systematic account of the main vices that could affect the right way of life of monks. He lists eight main vices, which are essentially the same as those mentioned above, but he does not mention envy (''invidia''), but adds ''vana gloria'' (glory-seeking) and ''tristitia'' (melancholia). [[w:Pope Gregory I|Pope Gregory I]] established the order still in use today by assigning gloom to sloth and glory-seeking to pride and adding envy.

The capital vices were also repeatedly assigned to certain demons. The most widespread assignment was that of Peter Binsfeld from the 16th century, who very actively promoted the persecution of witches and whose treatise on witches was considered the standard work on witchcraft and demonology for a good century. According to his classification, [[Lucifer]] corresponds to pride, [[Mammon]] to greed, [[Leviathan]] to envy, [[Satan]] to wrath, [[Asmodeus]] to lust, [[Beelzebub]] to gluttony and [[Belphegor]] to laziness.

== Literature ==
* [[Rudolf Steiner]]: ''Ursprungsimpulse der Geisteswissenschaft'', [[GA 96]] (1989) {{Lectures|96}}

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== References ==

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{{Vices}}

[[Category:Vice]]
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