File:General view of sanctuary of Demeter and Kore and the Telesterion (Initiation Hall), center for the Eleusinian Mysteries, Eleusis (8191841684).jpg
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DescriptionGeneral view of sanctuary of Demeter and Kore and the Telesterion (Initiation Hall), center for the Eleusinian Mysteries, Eleusis (8191841684).jpg |
(en) The great hall in Eleusis, Telesterion ("Initiation Hall" from Gr. τελείω, to complete, to fulfill, to consecrate, to initiate) was one of the primary centers of the Eleusinian Mysteries. Devoted to Demeter and Persephone, these initiation ceremonies were the most sacred and ancient of all the religious rites celebrated in Greece. At some point in the 5th century BC, Iktinos, the great architect of the Parthenon, built the Telesterion big enough to hold thousands of people. In about 318 BC, Philon added a portico with twelve Doric columns. The site of the Telesterion is believed to have had some temple since the 7th century BC, or the time of the Homeric Hymns to Demeter (650-550 BC); the Telesterion had ten different building phases. The Athenians used several calendars, each for different purposes. The festival of Eleusinia was celebrated each year in Eleusis and Athens for nine days from the 15th to the 23rd of the month of Boedromion (in September or October of the Gregorian calendar); because the festival calendar had 12 lunar months, the celebrations were not strictly calibrated to a year of 365 days. During the festival, Athens was crowded with visitors. As the climax of the ceremonies at Eleusis, the initiates entered the Telesterion where they were shown the sacred relics of Demeter and the priestesses revealed their visions of the holy night (probably a fire that represented the possibility of life after death). This was the most secretive part of the Mysteries and those who had been initiated were forbidden to ever speak of the events that took place in the Telesterion. It was destroyed by the Persians after the Battle of Thermopylae, when the Athenians withdrew to Salamis in 480 BC and all of Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persian army, who captured and burnt Athens. After the defeat of the Persians, the Telesterion was rebuilt some time later by Pericles. In AD 170, during the rule of Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius, an ancient tribe called the Costoboci launched an invasion of Roman territory south of the Danube, entering Thracia and ravaging the provinces of Macedonia and Achaea (Greece). The Costoboci reached as far south as Eleusis, where they destroyed the Telesterion. The emperor responded by despatching general Vehilius Gratus Iulianus to Greece with emergency reinforcements, who eventually defeated the Costoboci. Marcus Aurelius then had the Telesterion rebuilt. In AD 396, the forces of Alaric the Visigoth invaded the Eastern Roman Empire and ravaged Attica, destroying the Telesterion, which was never to be rebuilt. (fr) La grande salle d'Éleusis, le Télestérion ("salle d'initiation", du grec τελείω "accomplir, initier") était l'un des principaux centres des mystères d'Éleusis. Consacrées à Déméter et Perséphone, ces cérémonies d'initiation étaient le plus sacré et le plus ancien de tous les rites religieux célébrés en Grèce. Au Ve siècle avant J.-C., Ictinos, le grand architecte du Parthénon, construisit le Télestérion, grande salle capable d'accueillir des milliers de personnes. Vers -318, Philon ajouta un portique à douze colonnes doriques. Le site du Télestérion a probablement abrité un temple dès le VIIe siècle avant J.-C., à l'époque des Hymnes homériques à Déméter (vers -650 / -550). Le Télestérion a connu dix phases de construction différentes. Les Athéniens avaient plusieurs calendriers, chacun à des fins différentes. La fête des Éleusinies était célébrée chaque année à Éleusis et à Athènes pendant neuf jours, du 15 au 23 du mois de boedromion (en septembre ou octobre du calendrier grégorien) : le calendrier des fêtes ayant 12 mois lunaires, les célébrations ne correspondaient pas strictement à une année de 365 jours. Durant les Éleusinies, Athènes était envahie de visiteurs. Au point culminant des cérémonies, les initiés pénétraient dans la Télestérion où leur étaient présentées les reliques sacrées de Déméter, et les prêtresses révélaient leurs visions de la sainte nuit (probablement un feu qui représentait la possibilité d'une vie après la mort). C'était la partie la plus secrète des mystères et il était interdit aux initiés de rien révéler des rites ayant lieu dans le Télestérion. Celui-ci fut détruit par les Perses après la bataille des Thermopyles, quand les Athéniens se retirèrent à Salamine, en -480, alors que la Béotie et l'Attique étaient tombées aux mains de l'armée perse, qui prit et incendia Athènes. Après la défaite des Perses, la Télestérion fut reconstruit par Périclès. En l'an 170, sous le règne de l'empereur romain Marc Aurèle, une ancienne tribu appelée Costoboci lança une invasion du territoire romain au sud du Danube, entrant en Thrace et ravageant les provinces grecques de Macédoine et d'Achaïe. Les Costoboci atteignirent Éleusis et détruisirent le Télestérion. L'empereur répliqua en expédiant en Grèce le général Vehilius Gratus Iulianus avec des renforts, qui vint à bout des Costoboci. Marc-Aurèle reconstruisit encore le Télestérion. En l'an 396, les armées du Wisigoth Alaric envahirent l'Empire romain d'Orient et ravagèrent l'Attique, détruisant à nouveau Télestérion, cette fois de manière définitive. |
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Author | Carole Raddato from FRANKFURT, Germany |
Camera location | 38° 02′ 51.47″ N, 23° 32′ 13.81″ E | View this and other nearby images on: OpenStreetMap | 38.047630; 23.537170 |
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This image, originally posted to Flickr, was reviewed on 28 December 2013 by the administrator or reviewer File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske), who confirmed that it was available on Flickr under the stated license on that date. |
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6 February 2005
38°2'51.47"N, 23°32'13.81"E
0.0025 second
4.5
6.2 millimetre
image/jpeg
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Date/Time | Thumbnail | Dimensions | User | Comment | |
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current | 17:24, 28 December 2013 | 2,576 × 1,932 (3.29 MB) | wikimediacommons>File Upload Bot (Magnus Manske) | Transferred from Flickr by User:Marcus Cyron |
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Camera manufacturer | EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY |
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Camera model | KODAK V530 ZOOM DIGITAL CAMERA |
Exposure time | 1/400 sec (0.0025) |
F Number | f/4.5 |
ISO speed rating | 80 |
Date and time of data generation | 13:10, 6 February 2005 |
Lens focal length | 6.2 mm |
Orientation | Normal |
Horizontal resolution | 230 dpi |
Vertical resolution | 230 dpi |
Y and C positioning | Centered |
Exposure Program | Normal program |
Exif version | 2.21 |
Date and time of digitizing | 13:10, 6 February 2005 |
Meaning of each component |
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APEX shutter speed | 8.6 |
APEX aperture | 4.3 |
APEX exposure bias | 0 |
Maximum land aperture | 3 APEX (f/2.83) |
Metering mode | Pattern |
Light source | Unknown |
Flash | Flash did not fire, auto mode |
Supported Flashpix version | 1 |
Color space | sRGB |
Exposure index | 80 |
Sensing method | One-chip color area sensor |
File source | Digital still camera |
Scene type | A directly photographed image |
Custom image processing | Normal process |
Exposure mode | Auto exposure |
White balance | Auto white balance |
Digital zoom ratio | 0 |
Focal length in 35 mm film | 36 mm |
Scene capture type | Standard |
Scene control | None |
Contrast | Normal |
Saturation | Normal |
Sharpness | Normal |
Subject distance range | Unknown |